新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明建设的方略与任务

坚持人与自然和谐共生、建设美丽中国是新时代中国特色社会主义建设的基本方略之一。本文从十九大报告提出的生态文明建设战略任务出发,诠释了新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明建设的特征,结合中国未来发展蓝图,提出了新时代生态文明建设的战略目标,深入分析了新时代建设生态文明和美丽中国的四大战略任务背景和要求。     

Determination of toxic metals in discarded Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)

This study focused on the determination of the toxic metal content of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) present in various Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). The main objective was the identification and quantification of toxic metals detected in LCD panels. An experimental procedure which involved dismantling, shredding, pulverization, digestion and chemical analysis was followed for the sorting, separation and analysis of LCD monitors from various electronic devices that are currently on the market. Nine selected devices were examined, originated from four different types of e-waste (WEEE); TVs, computers, mobile phones and tablets. Eleven metals were measured in all examined samples. In addition, concentration values of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) were compared with the respective limits set by the RoHS 2002/95/EC Directive that was recently renewed by the 2012/19/EU recast. The comparison revealed that the examined toxic metals on LCD panels did not exceed the limits set by the European Union (EU). Furthermore, when results were compared to the TTLC regulatory limits it was revealed that in three samples As concentrations were higher than the limit. Finally, when the TCLP test was implemented the aforementioned samples did not exhibit proportionally elevated values in their leachates.     

Characterization of the aerosol chemical composition during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Suzhou in the Yangtze River Delta, China

To control the spread of COVID-19, rigorous restrictions have been implemented in China, resulting in a great reduction in pollutant emissions. In this study, we evaluated the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta during the COVID-19 lockdown period using satellite and ground-based data, including particle matter (PM), trace gases, water-soluble ions (WSIs) and black carbon (BC). We found that the impacts of lockdown policy on air quality cannot be accurately assessed using MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, whereas the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) vertical column density can well reflect the influences of these restrictions on human activities. Compared to the pre-COVID period, the PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, carbon monoxide (CO), BC and WSIs during the lockdown in Suzhou were observed to decrease by 37.2%, 38.3%, 64.5%, 26.1%, 53.3% and 58.6%, respectively, while the sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ozone (O₃) increased by 1.5% and 104.7%. The WSIs ranked in the order of NO₃^? > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Cl^? > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ during the lockdown period. By comparisons with the ion concentrations during the pre-COVID period, we found that the ions NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, SO₄^2?, Cl^?, Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ decreased by 66.3%, 48.8%, 52.9%, 56.9%, 57.9% and 76.3%, respectively, during the lockdown, in contrast to Mg²⁺, which increased by 30.2%. The lockdown policy was found to have great impacts on the diurnal variations of Cl^?, SO₄^2?, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺.     

Control of exhaled SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the interpersonal breathing microenvironment in a ventilated room with limited space air stability

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the spread of the coronavirus between persons. We experimentally and numerically investigated an advanced engineering and environmental method on controlling the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the breathing microenvironment between two persons during interactive breathing process by combining the limited space air stability and a ventilation method. Experiments were carried out in a full-scale ventilated room with different limited space air stability conditions, i.e., stable condition, neutral condition and unstable condition. Two real humans were involved to conducted normal breathing process in the room and the exhaled carbon dioxide was used as the surrogate of infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from respiratory activities. A correspondent numerical model was established to visualize the temperature field and contaminated field in the test room. Results show that the performance of a ventilation system on removing infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from the interpersonal breathing microenvironment is dependent on the limited space air stability conditions. Appropriate ventilation method should be implemented based on an evaluation of the air condition. It is recommended that total volume ventilation methods are suitable for unstable and neutral conditions and local ventilation methods are preferable for stable conditions. This study provides an insight into the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols between persons in ventilated rooms with different limited space air stability conditions. Useful guidance has been provided to cope with COVID-19 in limited spaces.     

基于OMI数据的新冠疫情影响下福建省臭氧敏感性变化

基于OMI卫星数据,利用臭氧敏感性指示剂法研究了福建省及其九地市在COVID-19疫情影响下不同时间阶段大气臭氧敏感性特征以及不同情景下敏感性的变化规律.结果表明,在疫情前,福建省的大气臭氧生成控制区面积占比情况为VOC_S控制区占46.5%、协同控制区占25.0%、NO_x控制区占28.5%,以VOCs控制区为主,其中厦门市占比最高,南平市最低;在严控期,VOC_S控制区占29.5%、协同控制区占21.1%、NO_x控制区面积占49.4%,以NO_x控制区为主,其中宁德市占比最高,莆田市最低;在平稳期,VOC_S控制区占23.1%、协同控制区占29.1%、NO_x控制区占47.8%,以NO_x控制区为主,其中南平市占比最高,厦门市最低.与疫情前相比,严控期厦门市VOC_S控制区面积占比减少最多（38.1%）、最少的是三明市（7.9%）;从转化结果来看,第一类城市包括莆田市、泉州市、厦门市,敏感区变化受前体物HCHO、NO₂共同影响,而第二类城市主要受NO₂柱浓度变化影响.因此,第一类城市臭氧调控更加复杂.     

新冠疫情期间四川盆地空气质量及影响因素分析

基于污染源排放调查、空气质量和组分站观测数据,利用WRF/SMOKE/CMAQ模式系统,分析2020年新冠疫情期间污染源和气象条件变化对空气质量的影响.结果表明:①2020年新冠疫情期间,四川盆地除ρ(03)同比上升外,ρ(S02)、ρ(N02)、ρ(CO)、ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM10)均同比下降,下降幅度为8％～41％.②疫情期间成都市PM2.5组分与2019年同期相比,ρ(Cl-)、ρ(K+)、ρ(Si)、ρ(Al)、ρ(Ca)和ρ(EC)的占比均同比下降,说明疫情期间施工工地、机动车、工业燃煤和生物质燃烧排放减少是ρ(PM2.5)下降的主要原因.③疫情期间,工业源S02、NOx、PM10、PM25和 VOCs排放量分别同比下降32％、31％、40％、39％和41％;成都市机动车车流量仅为正常时段的40.3％,车速提升19.7％,NOx、VOCs和CO日排放量降幅分别为44.7％、49.6％和38.0％,污染物的非等比例下降使得机动车排放贡献的大气氧化性进一步增强.④2020年疫情期间四川盆地气象条件同比不利,使得ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(NO2)、ρ(SO2)、ρ(O3)和ρ(PM10)分别上升2％、4％、23％、6％和8％,扣除气象条件变化影响后,ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(NO2)、ρ(SO2)和ρ(PM10)分别下降21％、45％、31％和30％,ρ(03)上升12％.     

污染减排及新冠肺炎对广州空气质量影响分析

自2017年《广州市空气质量达标规划》实施以来,广州空气质量大幅改善并于2020年首次实现全面达标,评估《规划》中本地污染减排措施实施成效可为后续大气污染防治提供参考.本研究基于各种减排情景的排放核算结果,综合运用空气质量模型模拟和数据融合技术,量化评估了本地污染减排措施、新冠疫情防控工作、周边排放控制及气象条件变化4种影响因素对2017—2020年广州市空气质量改善的贡献.评估结果显示,本地污染减排措施是2017—2020年SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀及PM_2.5浓度下降的主导因素,其浓度削减贡献分别为53.58%、31.60%、34.24%及30.82%;疫情防控工作的浓度削减贡献在初期较大,但在后期随着复工复产而减弱;周边减排空气质量改善效果弱于本地污染减排;气象条件变化对各污染物浓度下降均存在正贡献,且对O3浓度削减的贡献(81.96%)尤为显著.     

中国主要城市疫情管控期间大气环境改善效应研究

利用我国31个省会(省府)城市、直辖市站点大气污染物数据,对全国主要城市2020年新冠疫情管控期间以及复工复产后的大气污染状况进行统计学分析。结果表明:叠加疫情管控影响,相比往年,2020年春节假期前后全国主要城市整体上PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO平均质量浓度降幅分别达到22.46%、60.13%、13.71%、17.64%;疫情管控期间全国主要城市PM_2.5与PM₁₀偏相关系数为0.952,PM_2.5与SO₂、NO₂、CO的偏相关系数分别为0.705、0.791、0.831。复工复产初期相较疫情管控期间仅有NO₂平均质量浓度上升;随着复工复产进程深入,PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂平均质量浓度则均有大幅度上升。采暖区SO₂和CO平均质量浓度在疫情管控期分别为非采暖区的2.6倍及1.6倍,两大区域在复工复产后各大气污染物质量浓度变化情况有所差异,也反映出采暖区与非采暖区的大气污染情况的不同。     

深圳市2022年春季新冠疫情管控期间空气质量分析

短期减排是我国城市应对大气污染事件的重要应急管控手段,但短期减排的效益尚未得到完善分析.2022年3月14～20日,广东省深圳市为抑制新冠疫情传播实施了全市管控,为评估短期减排对华南城市春季空气质量的影响提供独特机会.结合深圳市高精度环境空气质量监测与气象观测等多源数据,分析了深圳市管控期间前后的空气质量变化.此次管控前和管控期中均有部分日期天气形势静稳,局地污染水平主要反映本地排放,有利于分析本地减排的影响.观测与WRF-GC区域化学模拟都表明,与珠三角周边城市相比,深圳市管控期间由于市内交通源排放显著减少,深圳市二氧化氮(NO₂)浓度降低(-26±9.5)%,可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)浓度降低(-28±6.4)%,细颗粒物(PM_2.5)浓度降低(-20±8.2)%,但臭氧(O₃)浓度无显著变化[(-1.0±6.5)%].TROPOMI卫星观测的甲醛和二氧化氮柱浓度数据对比表明,2022年春季珠三角臭氧光化学主要受挥发性有机物(VOCs)浓度控制,对氮氧化物浓度降低不敏感,反而可能因氮氧化物对臭氧滴...